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LearnLogical ReasoningCritical Reasoning

11.02 · Critical Reasoning

Statement & Conclusion

Elite lesson9 rules10 questions

On the syllabus of

Elite lesson36 minEnglish

Rules

At a glance 9 rules

  1. 1Only the statementTake the statement as fully true and use nothing else: no outside facts, no 'usually', no guess about why. A conclusion that needs any of these fails.
  2. 2Restating followsA conclusion that says the same thing in other words, or what must be true because of it, follows: 'fees rose by 10%' gives 'fees are higher than before'.
  3. 3Nothing newA new cause, a new group, a future result or a figure the statement never gives sinks a conclusion, however likely it sounds.
  4. 4Extreme words'All', 'every', 'always', 'only', 'never' and 'definitely' fail unless the statement is just as strong. 'Some' or '70%' never becomes 'all'.
  5. 5Rules with 'every''Every X gets Y' makes X enough for Y: an X gets Y. It does not make Y need X, so someone with Y need not be an X.
  6. 6Rules with 'only''Only X get Y' makes X necessary for Y: whoever got Y is an X, and a non-X cannot get Y. Being an X still does not guarantee Y.
  7. 7Purpose of an actionAn action's plain purpose follows (a canteen opens a second counter: it wants shorter queues); a hidden motive or a forecast of its results does not.
  8. 8Cautious 'may' or 'can'A 'may' or 'can' conclusion follows when the statement makes it a real chance; the same claim with 'will' or 'definitely' fails.
  9. 9Work out the numbersIf the figures settle a claim, compute it: price × quantity gives the money taken in. Profit needs costs, and a count needs the total behind a percentage.

Test yourself

10 questions · 3 easy · 4 medium · 3 hard

Tap an option to answer. The first tap counts.

  1. Q1Easy

    Statement: The college library will stay open from 8 am to 11 pm on every day of the exam week.

    Conclusions:

    I. Most students will study in the library late at night during the exam week.

    II. The library will be open at 10 pm on the first day of the exam week.

    Which conclusion(s) follow?

    Correct answerOnly II follows

    Why

    A conclusion that restates the statement follows; a guess about people's habits does not.

    Open from 8 am to 11 pm on every exam-week day means open at 10 pm on the first one, while how many students come late is never said.

    So only conclusion II follows.

  2. Q2Easy

    Statement: A startup incubator gives workspace access only to teams that have submitted a complete business plan. Team Nova was given workspace access this month. Conclusions: I. Team Nova submitted a complete business plan. II. Team Nova will definitely receive funding from the incubator.

    Correct answerOnly conclusion I follows

    Why

    Read 'only X get Y' backwards: having Y proves X.

    Nova has the workspace, so Nova must have handed in a complete business plan; funding appears nowhere in the statement.

    So I follows and II does not.

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